This chapter theorises that home and school is socially and cultural constructed. Two theoretical approaches are offered as units of analysis for study: the social ecological approach (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Wright and Smith, 1998) and the communities of practice framework (Wenger, 1998). These two approaches are used because (i) they position the learner as part of the relationship between the individual, the community and society and (ii)they provide the mechanism by which meanings and identities are (re)constructed in socio-cultural practice. The chapter then goes on to use examples from research data to demonstrate that when looking at learning as socially and culturally situated the 'one-size-fits-all' approach to education is problematic