Browse by University of Northampton Authors

Article

• Baran, M., Hazenberg, R., Iwinska, K., Kasianiuk, K., Perifanos, I., Maria Ferreira da Silva, J. and Vasconselos, C. (2023) Between Innovative and Habitual Behavior. Evidence from a Study on Sustainability in Greece, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Energy Research. 10 2296-598X.
• Paterson-Young, C. and Hazenberg, R. (2022) Does the past dictate the future? Exploring the impact of employability programmes on adults experiencing multiple disadvantage. Journal of Education and Work. 35(5), pp. 521-539. 1363-9080.
• Latham-Green, T., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2021) Examining the role of driven-game shooting as a psycho-social resource for older adults in rural areas: a mixed-methods study. Ageing and Society. 43(4), pp. 902-928. 0144-686X.
• Paterson-Young, C., Bajwa-Patel, M. and Hazenberg, R. (2021) “I ain’t stupid, I just don’t like school” : A ‘needs’ based argument for children’s educational provision in custody. Journal of Youth Studies. , pp. 1-18. 1367-6261.
• Maher, M. and Hazenberg, R. (2021) Floating down the river: Vietnamese community-led social innovation. Social Enterprise Journal. 17(1), pp. 1-19. 1750-8614.
• Karlidag-Dennis, E., Hazenberg, R. and Dinh, T. (2020) Is education for all? The experiences of ethnic minority students and teachers in North-western Vietnam engaging with social entrepreneurship. International Journal of Educational Development. 77 0738-0593.
• Paterson-Young, C., Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M. and Denny, S. (2017) Developing a social impact measurement framework to enhance outcomes for young people in custody – what to measure? Papers from the British Criminology Conference. 17 1759-0043.
• Paterson-Young, C., Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M. and Denny, S. (2017) Developing a social impact measurement framework to enhance outcomes for young people in custody – what to measure? Papers from the British Criminology Conference. 17 1759-0043.
• Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M., Mazzei, M., Roy, M. J. and Baglioni, S. (2016) The role of institutional and stakeholder networks in shaping social enterprise ecosystems in Europe. Social Enterprise Journal. 12(3), pp. 302-321. 1750-8614.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2016) Public service mutuals: towards a theoretical understanding of the spin-out process. Policy & Politics. 44(3), pp. 441-463. 0305-5736.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2016) Public service mutuals: towards a theoretical understanding of the spin-out process. Policy & Politics. 44(3) 0305-5736.
• Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M., Roy, M., Mazzei, M. and Baglioni, S. (2016) A comparative overview of social enterprise 'ecosystems' in Scotland and England: an evolutionary perspective. International Review of Sociology. 26(2), pp. 205-222. 0390-6701.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2015) The role of institutional partnerships, external funding and empathy in the development of negative leadership behaviour. Journal of Corporate Citizenship. 59 2051-4700.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2015) The role of institutional partnerships, external funding and empathy in the development of negative leadership behaviour. Journal of Corporate Citizenship. 59 2051-4700.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2015) Intermediary perceptions of investment readiness in the UK social investment market. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 26(3) 0957-8765.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2015) Programme recruitment and evaluation: the effect of an employability enhancement programme on the general self-efficacy levels of unemployed graduates. Journal of Education and Work. 28(3) 1363-9080.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) Reintegrating socially excluded individuals through a social enterprise intervention. Social Enterprise Journal. 10(3), pp. 222-238. 1750-8614.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) Reintegrating socially excluded individuals through a social enterprise intervention. Social Enterprise Journal. 10(3) 1750-8614.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2014) Programme recruitment and evaluation: the effect of an employability enhancement programme on the general self-efficacy levels of unemployed graduates. Journal of Education and Work. 28(3), pp. 273-300. 1363-9080.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2014) Investigating the outcome performance of work-integration social enterprises (WISEs): do WISEs offer ‘added value’ to NEETs? Public Management Review. 16(6), pp. 876-899. 1471-9037.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2014) Investigating the outcome performance of work-integration social enterprises (WISEs): do WISEs offer ‘added value’ to NEETs? Public Management Review. 16(6), pp. 876-899. 1471-9037.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) Effects of an employment enhancement programme on participant NEETs. Journal of Youth Studies. 16(4), pp. 503-520. 1367-6261.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating the Outcome Performance of a WISE Delivering Employability Programmes to the Unemployed. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. 9(6), pp. 40-50. 1913-8059.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating the ‘outcome’ performance of WISEs delivering employability programmes to the unemployed. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. 9(6), pp. 40-50. 1913-8059.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Testing a team-development model: partnership in creating a work-integration social enterprise. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. 9(5), pp. 47-64. 1913-8059.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Testing a team-development model: partnership in creating a work-integration social enterprise. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. 9(5), pp. 47-64. 1913-8059.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Testing a team-development model: partnership in creating a work-integration social enterprise. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics. 9(5), pp. 47-64. 1913-8059.
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R., Irwin, W. and Seddon, F. A. (2011) Social enterprise: evaluation of an enterprise skills programme. Social Enterprise Journal. 7(2), pp. 150-172. 1750-8614.
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R., Irwin, W. and Seddon, F. A. (2011) Social enterprise: evaluation of an enterprise skills programme. Social Enterprise Journal. 7(2), pp. 150-172. 1750-8614.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. Intermediary Perceptions of Investment Readiness in the UK Social Investment Market. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 26(3), 846–871. 0957-8765.

Book Section

• Hazenberg, R. (2022) Educating to Deliver Environmentally Focused Social Innovation. In: Vasconcelos, C. and Sousa Coutinho Calheiros, C. (eds.) Enhancing Environmental Education Through Nature-Based Solutions :. Porto: Springer.
• Paterson-Young, C. and Hazenberg, R. (2021) Ethical issues with social impact measurement. In: Hazenberg, R. and Paterson-Young, C. (eds.) Social Impact Measurement for a Sustainable Future : The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.. pp. 301-315.
• Hazenberg, R. and Paterson-Young, C. (2021) The development of social impact measurement. In: Hazenberg, R. and Paterson-Young, C. (eds.) Social Impact Measurement for a Sustainable Future : The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.. pp. 13-25.
• Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M. and Giroletti, T. (2020) The role of stakeholder networks in shaping the development of social enterprise ecosystems. In: Biggeri, M., Testi, E., Bellucci, M., During, R., Thomas, H. and Persson, R. (eds.) Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation : Ecosystems for Inclusion in Europe. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 110-126.
• Hazenberg, R. and Clifford, J. (2016) Developing social impact measurement for social enterprise. In: Durkin, C. and Gunn, R. (eds.) Social Entrepreneurship: A Skills Approach :. Bristol: Policy Press.
• Hazenberg, R. and Clifford, J. (2016) Developing social impact measurement for social enterprise. In: Durkin, C. and Gunn, R. (eds.) Social Entrepreneurship: A Skills Approach :. Bristol: Policy Press.

Book

• Hazenberg, R. (2017) Big Potential Breakthrough evaluation report: Year 2. Big Lottery Fund.
• Hazenberg, R. (2015) Big Potential Breakthrough evaluation report: Year 1. Big Lottery Fund.
• Hazenberg, R. (2015) Big Potential Breakthrough evaluation report: Year 1. Big Lottery Fund.
• Hazenberg, R. Big Potential Breakthrough evaluation report: Year 2. Big Lottery Fund.

Monograph

• Hazenberg, R., Paterson-Young, C., Maher, M. and Karlidag-Dennis, E. (2023) Mobile Arts for Peace: Small Grants Evaluation Report. University of Northampton.
• Karlidag-Dennis, E., Paterson-Young, C. and Hazenberg, R. (2022) Jon Egging Trust Final Report. University of Northampton Institute of Social Innovation and Impact.
• Denny, S., Latham-Green, T. and Hazenberg, R. (2021) Sustainable Driven Grouse Shooting? A summary of the evidence.
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R. and Bajwa-Patel, M. (2021) What is the social impact and return on investment resulting from expenditure on the Cadet Forces in the UK? : Research Commissioned by the Ministry of Defence and conducted between 2016 - 2020 Final Report. University of Northampton.
• Hazenberg, R., Paterson-Young, C., Karlidag-Dennis, E., Majewsky-Anderson, M. and McMillan, C. (2021) Social Enterprise in Mexico : Higher Education and Beyond.
• Ryu, J. and Hazenberg, R. (2020) Supporting our Community: The University of Northampton’s Response to Covid-19. University of Northampton.
• Hazenberg, R., Ryu, J. and Giroletti, T. (2020) Social innovation and Higher Education landscape in East Asia: Comparative study. British Council Hong Kong.
• Bajwa-Patel, M., Denny, S. and Hazenberg, R. (2020) What is the social impact and return on investment resulting from the expenditure on the Cadet Forces? : Year 3 Interim Report.
• Hazenberg, R. (2019) Big Potential Advanced: Year 4 Report. Social Investment Business.
• Hazenberg, R. and Giroletti, T. (2019) Armed Forces Covenant : Northamptonshire Evaluation.
• Hazenberg, R., Wang, N., Chandra, Y. and Nicholls, A. (2019) Surveying the social innovation and higher education landscape in Hong Kong.
• Hazenberg, R. and Gummer, M. R. (2018) USHSLA Data Analysis.
• Truong Nam, T., Hazenberg, R. and O'Connell, S. (2018) Fostering the Growth of the Social Impact Business sector in Viet Nam. United Nations Development Programme Viet Nam.
• Bajwa-Patel, M., Denny, S., Hazenberg, R., Giroletti, T. and Brylka, A. (2018) What is the social impact of the expenditure on the Cadet Forces. Second interim report 2018. University of Northampton Institute of Social Innovation and Impact.
• Hazenberg, R. (2018) Big Potential Advanced Evaluation Report Year 3 | July 2018. Social Investment Business.
• Hazenberg, R. (2018) Big Potential Breakthrough Evaluation Report: Year 4 | July 2018. Social Investment Business.
• Hazenberg, R., Garwood, R. J., Gummer, M. R. and Giroletti, T. (2018) Health & Safety Management in Tanneries & its Communication in the Leather Supply Chain.
• Hazenberg, R. (2018) Big Potential Breakthrough evaluation report: Year 3. London: Social Investment Business.
• Hazenberg, R. (2017) Big Issue Invest Corporate Social Venturing: Final Research Report.
• Denny, S., Bajwa-Patel, M., Hazenberg, R. and Brylka, A. (2017) What is the social impact resulting from the expenditure on cadets? An Interim report - 2017.
• Hazenberg, R. (2017) Big Potential Advanced evaluation report: Year 1. London: Big Lottery Fund.
• Hazenberg, R. (2017) Big Potential Advanced evaluation report: Year 1. Big Lottery Fund.
• Spear, R., Teasdale, S., Lyon, F., Hazenberg, R., Bull, M., Aiken, M. and Kopec-Massey, A. (2017) Social Enterprise in the United Kingdom: Models and Trajectories.
• Hazenberg, R., Hall, K. and Ogden-Newton, A. (2013) Public Service Mutuals : Spinning out or standing still? London: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce.

Conference or Workshop Item

• Hazenberg, R. and Garwood, R. (2018) Health and safety in the tannery supply chain. Invited Presentation presented to: Forum on Due Diligence in the Garment and Footwear Sector, OECD, Paris, France, 30-31 January 2018.
• Hazenberg, R. (2017) Neo-liberalism and sustainability: is social investment a ‘cure-all’ for the third sector? Paper presented to: 9th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC 2017), Swinburn University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, 12-14 December 2017.
• Paterson-Young, C., Hazenberg, R. and Bajwa-Patel, M. (2017) ‘Listen to us’ - Exploring the perceptions of young people on the impact of custody. Panel Presentation presented to: 17th Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology (EuroCrim2017): Challenging ‘Crime’ and ‘Crime Control’ in Contemporary Europe, Cardiff, 13-16 September 2017.
• Fassam, L., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2017) Perceptions of a multi-stakeholder approach to public transport creation; a four stage Delphi of social value creation. Paper presented to: Irish Transport Research Network Conference (ITRN2017), Dublin, 28-29 August 2017.
• Paterson-Young, C., Hazenberg, R. and Bajwa-Patel, M. (2017) Exploring the education background for children and young people sentenced to custody in England and Wales. Panel Presentation presented to: European Educational Research Association (ECER) 2017: Reforming Education and the Imperative of Constant Change: Ambivalent Roles of Policy and Educational Research, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21-25 August 2017.
• Hazenberg, R., Lashley, J. G. and Denny, S. (2016) Enhancing youth employability in the Caribbean: lessons from UK NEET programmes. Paper presented to: 17th Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (SALISES) Conference: Revolution, Socio-Economic Change and Freedoms, The University of the West Indies, Barbados, 30 March - 01 April 2016. (Unpublished)
• Hazenberg, R., Bajwa-Patel, M., Roy, M., Mazzei, M. and Baglioni, S. (2016) A comparative overview of social enterprise ecosystems in Scotland and England: an evolutionary perspective. Invited Presentation presented to: The Ecosystem for Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation International Conference, National Economics University, Hanoi, Vietnam, 17-18 March 2016. (Unpublished)
• Hazenberg, R. (2016) Social impact measurement & the Social Impact Matrix. Invited Presentation presented to: Social Impact Measurement: Global Perspectives, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 15 March 2016. (Unpublished)
• Baglioni, S., Bajwa-Patel, M., Hazenberg, R., Mazzei, M. and Roy, M. (2015) A comparative overview of social enterprise ecosystems in Scotland and England: an evolutionary perspective. Paper presented to: 7th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), University of York, 06-08 September 2015. (Unpublished)
• Alden Rivers, B., Hazenberg, R. and Bajwa-Patel, M. (2015) Barriers and enablers of youth as drivers of social change: university students’ perspectives. Seminar Presentation presented to: Journal of Youth Studies Conference 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark, 29 March - 01 April 2015. (Unpublished)
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) Empathic social enterprise: the role of empathy and shared intentionality. Paper presented to: International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) 11th International Conference: Civil Society and the Citizen, University of Muenster, Germany, 2014-07-25.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) Empathic social enterprise: the role of empathy and shared intentionality. Paper presented to: International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) 11th International Conference: Civil Society and the Citizen, University of Muenster, Germany, 2014-07-25.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2014) Public service mutuals: partnerships, collaboration and service-user outcomes. Paper presented to: International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) 11th International Conference: Civil Society and the Citizen, University of Muenster, Germany, 2014-07-25.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2014) Public service mutuals: partnerships, collaboration and service-user outcomes. Paper presented to: International Society for Third Sector Research (ISTR) 11th International Conference: Civil Society and the Citizen, University of Muenster, Germany, 2014-07-25.
• Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) An on-going assessment of the state of the spin-out sector in England. Paper presented to: International Research Society for Public Management 16th Conference (IRSPM XVIII), University of Carleton, Ottawa, 2014-04-11.
• Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2014) An on-going assessment of the state of the spin-out sector in England. Paper presented to: International Research Society for Public Management 16th Conference (IRSPM XVIII), University of Carleton, Ottawa, 2014-04-11.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2013) Assessing the state of the spin-out sector in England. Paper presented to: 5th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), Oxford, 2013-09-03.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2013) Assessing the state of the spin-out sector in England. Paper presented to: 5th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), Oxford, 2013-09-03.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) The UK’s first professional symphony orchestra cooperative: social enterprise? Paper presented to: 5th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), Oxford, 2013-09-03.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) The UK’s first professional symphony orchestra cooperative: social enterprise? Paper presented to: 5th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), Oxford, 2013-09-03.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2013) Public service spin-outs in the UK: towards a theoretical understanding of the spin-out process. Paper presented to: 4th EMES European Research Network International Research Conference on Social Enterprise, University of Liege, Belgium, 2013-07-04.
• Hazenberg, R. and Hall, K. (2013) Public service spin-outs in the UK: towards a theoretical understanding of the spin-out process. Paper presented to: 4th EMES European Research Network International Research Conference on Social Enterprise, University of Liege, Belgium, 2013-07-04.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) What are the barriers to investing in social enterprises? An investigation into the attitudes and experiences of social entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom. Paper presented to: 4th EMES European Research Network International Research Conference on Social Enterprise, University of Liege, Belgium, 2013-07-04.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) What are the barriers to investing in social enterprises? An investigation into the attitudes and experiences of social entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom. Paper presented to: 4th EMES European Research Network International Research Conference on Social Enterprise, University of Liege, Belgium, 2013-07-04.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2013) Intermediary perceptions of investment readiness in the social investment market. Paper presented to: Seventeenth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVII), Prague, Czech Republic, 2013-03-07.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2013) Intermediary perceptions of investment readiness in the social investment market. Paper presented to: Seventeenth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVII), Prague, Czech Republic, 2013-03-07.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) Reintegrating socially excluded individuals through a social enterprise intervention. Paper presented to: Seventeenth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVII), Prague, Czech Republic, 2013-03-07.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2013) Reintegrating socially excluded individuals through a social enterprise intervention. Paper presented to: Seventeenth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVII), Prague, Czech Republic, 2013-03-07.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Lack of entrepreneurial management leads to failure of social enterprise governed by an institutional partnership. Paper presented to: 35th Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) Conference, Dublin, 2012-11-07.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Lack of entrepreneurial management leads to failure of social enterprise governed by an institutional partnership. Paper presented to: 35th Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) Conference, Dublin, 2012-11-07.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Testing an institutional partnership in social enterprise governance. Paper presented to: 4th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), University of Birmingham, 12-14 September 2012. (Unpublished)
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2012) WISEs: an Anglo-Swedish comparison. Paper presented to: 4th International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), University of Birmingham, 12-14 September 2012. (Unpublished)
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating an ‘institutional partnership’ collaborating to develop a funded project into a sustainable work-integration social enterprise (WISE). Paper presented to: International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVI) 16th Conference, University of Rome, 2012-04-11.
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating an ‘institutional partnership’ collaborating to develop a funded project into a sustainable work-integration social enterprise (WISE). Paper presented to: International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVI) 16th Conference, University of Rome, 2012-04-11.
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating the outcome performance of work-integration social enterprises (WISEs): do WISEs offer ‘added value’ to NEETs? Paper presented to: International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XVI) 16th Conference, University of Rome, 11-13 April 2012. (Unpublished)
• Hazenberg, R., Seddon, F. A. and Denny, S. (2012) Investigating the ‘outcome’ performance of WISEs delivering employability programmes to the unemployed. Paper presented to: United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) Conference 2012, New Orleans, Louisiana, 12-15 January 2012. (Unpublished)
• Seddon, F. A., Hazenberg, R. and Denny, S. (2012) Evaluating the partnership between a university and a social enterprise development agency engaged in the set-up and development of a social enterprise. Paper presented to: United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, 12-15 January 2012. (Unpublished)
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R. and Seddon, F. A. (2011) Evaluating the outcome of employment enhancement programmes for young people not in education, employment or training (NEET): does organisational type affect delivery? Paper presented to: 3rd International Social Innovation Research Conference (ISIRC), South Bank University, London, 12-13 September 2011. (Unpublished)
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R., Irwin, W. and Seddon, F. A. (2011) Social enterprise and the individual: an examination of a work-integration social enterprise (WISE) and its impact upon unemployed university graduate’s self-efficacy and attitudes to enterprise. Paper presented to: Fifteenth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XV), Trinity College, Dublin, 11-13 April 2011. (Unpublished)
• Denny, S., Hazenberg, R. and Seddon, F. A. (2010) Social enterprises and NEETs: ethical and effective entrepreneurial skills programmes? Seminar Presentation presented to: Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) Conference London, Grand Connaught Rooms, London, 02 - 04 November 2010. (Unpublished)

Thesis

• Hazenberg, R. Work integration social enterprise: a NEET idea. PhD thesis. University of Northampton.