The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior: responses to an international act of terrorism

Michael King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Auckland: Penguin, 1985): 240. Michelle Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: The Postcolonial Literatures of Aotearoa/New Zealand and Oceania (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007), 92-93, points out that Maori poet Hone Tuwhare’s acclaimed poem about nuclear fallout, ‘No Ordinary Sun’ (1958), may have been inspired by US bombing of the Marshallese Islands in 1954 . The term comes from Jock Phillips, ‘New Zealand and the ANZUS Alliance: Changing National Self-Perceptions 1945-88’, Australia, New Zealand and the US: Internal Change and Alliance Relations in the ANZUS States, ed. Richard W. Baker (New York: Greenwood Publishing, 1991): 185-87. The Quaker logic of bearing passive witness by placing oneself at the scene of an environmental or social horror was interpreted by Greenpeace as risk-taking in order to affirm a high moral principle. See David McTaggart with Helen Slinger, Shadow Warrior: An Autobiography of Greenpeace’s International Founder, David McTaggart (Orion 2002); 224. James Belich, Paradise Reforged: A History of New Zealanders from the 1880s to the Year 2000 (Auckland: Allen Lane and Penguin Press, 2001): 439. An example is the speech made by Witi Ihimaera in 1985: ‘New Zealand as a Pacific Nation (or “The Hitchhikers Guide to the Pacific”)’. In New Directions in New Zealand Foreign Policy , ed. Hyam Gold (Takapuna: Bento Ross, 1985): 127-40 (128); cited by Tom Ryan, ‘On Becoming a Pacific Nation: Polyphonic Reflections’, CNZS Bulletin of New Zealand Studies, ed. Ian Conrich and Gerri Kimber, 1 (2008): 115-141 (126). The term comes from Homi Bhabha whose celebrated ‘third space of enunication’, that ambivalent space between cultural traditions and politics which opens the way to the ‘inscription and articulation of culture’s hybridity’, is a refusal of ‘the politics of polarity’; see The Politics of Location (London: Routledge, 1994): 36-9 (38). Cited in Belich, Paradise Reforged: 439; see also King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior: 63-92; John Dyson (with Joseph Fitchett), Sink the Rainbow! An Enquiry into the “Greenpeace Affair” (London: Gollancz, 1986): 95. David Lange, My Life (Auckland: Viking, 2005): 222-3, 274-5, says the French threatened economic sanctions, and once the couple had returned to France, despite an arbitration tribunal in New York, international law hardly applied; the New Zealand government was awarded ‘monetary compensation which we did not seek’. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow!: 174. See the Associated Press report of Sunday 10 July 2005; ‘Common Dreams News Centre’. www.commondreams.org. Accessed. 16 June 2006 King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior: 196-97. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow!: 178, on the red herring, the possibility of a third team. King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior: 200-02. Cited in Belich, Paradise Reforged: 439. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow!: 90. Belich, Paradise Reforged: 439-40. Dyson Sink the Rainbow!: 185. The term means that the state has the right to resort to any measure to protect its interests. Douglas Porch, The French Secret Services from the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997): 456 (citing John le Carre). Michael Szabo, Making Waves: The Greenpeace New Zealand Story (Auckland: Reed, 1991): 133. Robin Morgan et al. The Sunday Times Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London: Century Hutchinson, 1986); David Robie, Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior (Lindon Publishing, Auckland, 1986); Richard Shears and Isobelle Gidley, The Rainbow Warrior Affair (Unwin Paperbacks: Sydney, 1985); Jane Dibblin, Day of Two Suns: US Nuclear Testing and the Pacific Islands (London: Virago, 1988). Douglas Porch, The French Secret Services From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997); Bengt and Marie Therese Danielsson, Poisoned Reign: French Nuclear Colonialism in the Pacific, 2nd ed. rev. (London: Penguin, 1986); a revision of Moruroa Mon Amour, the French Nuclear Tests in the Pacific (London: Penguin, 1977). See The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature, ed. Roger Robinson and Nelson Wattie (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1998): 421; Stead’s poem was republished in Ambury Hall’s edited collection, Below the Surface: Words and images in Protest at French Testing on Moruroa (Auckland, Vintage, 1995): 116-7; for anti-nuclear poetry anthologies produced in the Pacific see Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: 95, 97. David Lange, Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way (Auckland: Penguin, 1990): 118-19; Kevin Clements, Back from the Brink: The Creation of a Nuclear-Free New Zealand (Allen and Unwin: Port Nicholson Press, 1988): 50-57. Barry Mitcalfe et al. Boy Roel: Voyage to Nowhere (Wellington: Alister Taylor Publishing Ltd): 130. Michal Pugh, The ANZUS Crisis: Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989): 108-12 Foundation for Peace Studies New Zealand/Aotearoa was founded in 1975; the Peace Movement New Zealand was renamed as Peace Movement Aotearoa in 1988; there was also the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom/Peace Action Dunedin. See www.converge.org.nz; www.peace.net.nz. Clements, Back From the Brink: 64-66. Szabo, Making Waves: 7. Barry Mitcalfe et al. Boy Roel: Voyage to Nowhere (Wellington: Alister Taylor Publishing Ltd): 26. Boy Roel: 40. Boy Roel: 44. The crew of Boy Roel lost altogether $6,500 in salaries and wages. Boy Roel: 115. Boy Roel: PAGE Boy Roel: 52. Cited in Clements, Back from the Brink: 66. Cited in Clements, Back from the Brink: 79-80; on the events of 1973 see Pugh, The ANZUS Crisis: 104. Kerry Howe, ‘New Zealand’s Twentieth Century Pacifics’, New Zealand Journal of History 34.1 (April 2000): 4-19; cited by Ryan in ‘Becoming a Pacific Nation’: 133. Mark Williams, ‘Crippled by Geography? New Zealand Nationalisms’, Not on Any Map: Essays on Postcoloniality and Cultural Nationalism, ed. Stuart Murray (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1997): 19-37; cited by Ryan, ‘On Becoming a Pacific Nation’: 121-22. Maurice Shadbolt, Danger Zone (Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton, 1974); David McTaggart with Robert Hunter, Greenpeace III: Journey into the Bomb (London: Collins, 1978). See Lange, Nuclear-Free: The New Zealand Way: 96, 135. Pugh, The ANZUS Crisis: 100. James Belich, Paradise Reforged: A History of New Zealanders from the 1880s to the Year 2000 (Auckland: Allen Lane and Penguin Press, 2001): 439. ‘Reviewing New Zealand’s Defence and Security Policies During IYP’, Peacelink 38 (March 1986): 6; cited in Pugh, The ANZUS Crisis: 107. David McTaggart with Helen Slinger, Shadow Warrior: An Autobiography of Greenpeace International Founder (London: Orion, 2002): 189. See Mario Diani and Paolo R. Donati, ‘Organisational Change in Western European Environmental Groups: A Framework for Analysis’, Environmental Politics 8.1 (1999): 24. They state that vicarious activism generates media attention and therefore financial resources from the general public but does not mobilise sympathisers. On Christine Cabon see King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior: 49-60. 2005 was the twentieth anniversary of the bombing. Five survivors appear: Hilari Anderson and Susi Newborn, founding Greenpeace crew members in the UK in 1977; Bunny McDiarmid, and Hanne Sorensen, crew-members; Margaret Mills, shipboard cook from Waiheke. Pond Eyley has since made a TV documentary sequel, Departure and Return. See “Pacific Media Watch” <http://www.pmw.c2o.org/2006/reg4888.html> accessed 17th October 2009. Other visual productions include the 1989 Australian TV mini-series, The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy, dir. Chris Thomson, the NZ/US co-production, The Rainbow Warrior, dir. Michael Tudner (1992), and the French TV movie, L’Affaire du Rainbow Warrior, dir Pierre Boutron (2006) King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior: 241-52. A New Zealand Contribution to the Tahitian Myth—New Zealand’s Responses to the Last Nuclear Tests. Antipodes 3 (1997). The Cultural Studies Research Centre, University of Otago. For responses to nuclear testing in the Pacific by Pacific writers, Dewe Gorode and Chantal Spitz in the 1990s, see Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: 97 98-99, 134, 135-36. See Peter Low, ‘New Zealand’s Responses to the last French Nuclear tests’, Antipodes 3 (1997): 76. He says (75) that public opinion found a 98% opposition. See s.v. ‘Pacific’ in The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature: 425-26. Judith Devaliant, ‘A Personal View’. In Below the Surface: 26. ‘New Zealand and the ANZUS Alliance: Changing National Self-Perceptions, 1945-88’: 185-7. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow!: 89. Back from the Brink: 83.